COVID-19 Variants: Continued circulation of JN.1 descendants and KP.2/KP.3 variants, with periodic waves
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As of mid-2025, COVID-19 continues to evolve, with descendants of the JN.1 variant and the KP.2/KP.3 lineages circulating globally. These variants have led to periodic waves of infections, particularly during seasonal transitions
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KP.2: A descendant of JN.1, KP.2 carries the spike protein mutations S:R346T and S:F456L. It has shown increased transmissibility and partial resistance to neutralization by previous vaccines and infections. By April 2024, KP.2 accounted for approximately 20% of COVID-19 cases in the United Kingdom and was spreading rapidly in multiple regions worldwide
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KP.3: Another JN.1 descendant, KP.3 acquired the S:F456L and S:Q493E mutations. These changes may enhance its ability to bind to human cells, potentially increasing its infectiousness
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KP.3.1.1: A subvariant of KP.3, KP.3.1.1 emerged in mid-2024 and became the predominant variant in the United States by August 2024. It carries additional spike protein mutations, including S:31del, S:R346T, S:F456L, and S:Q493E, which may contribute to its increased transmissibility and partial immune evasion
Periodic Waves of Infections
The resurgence of these variants has led to periodic waves of COVID-19 infections, particularly during colder months when indoor gatherings increase. For instance, in late 2024, several countries reported an uptick in cases, coinciding with the onset of the winter season .
💉 Vaccination and Public Health Measures
In response to these evolving variants, updated COVID-19 vaccines targeting KP.2 and its descendants were approved for the 2024–2025 season. These vaccines aim to enhance protection against severe illness and hospitalization. Health authorities continue to recommend vaccination, especially for high-risk populations, and emphasize the importance of preventive measures such as mask-wearing and social distancing during periods of increased transmission